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Pleural fluid analysis Article
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Pleural fluid analysis chest-x-ray
Definition
Pleural fluid analysis examines fluid that has collected in the pleural space. The pleura is a thin membrane that lines the outside of the lung and the inside of the chest cavity.
A build up of fluid between the layers of the pleura is called a pleural effusion.
Why the Pleural fluid analysis is Performed
The test is performed to determine the cause of a pleural effusion.
How the Pleural fluid analysis is Performed
A sample of pleural fluid is obtained by a procedure called thoracentesis. The specimen is examined for chemical content, cellular composition, the presence of malignant cells, and the presence of microorganisms.
How to Prepare for the Pleural fluid analysis
There is no special preparation. Do not cough, breathe deeply, or move during the test to avoid injury to the lung. A chest x-ray may be performed before or after the test. Your doctor will probably want to observe you for 30-60 minutes after the procedure to see if a complication occurs.
How the Pleural fluid analysis Will Feel
You will be positioned sitting on the edge of a chair or bed with your head and arms resting on a table. The skin around the insertion site is disinfected, and the area is draped. A local anesthetic is injected into the skin.
The thoracentesis needle is inserted above the rib into the pocket of fluid. There will be a stinging sensation when the local anesthetic is injected, and a sensation of pressure when the needle is inserted into the pleural space. Inform your health care provider if you develop sharp chest pain or shortness of breath.
Risks
The risks of thoracentesis are pneumothorax (collapse of the lung), fluid re-accumulation, pulmonary edema, excessive loss of blood, infection, and respiratory distress. Serious complications are uncommon.
Considerations
The fluid analysis cost and the cost of the procedure to obtain the specimen are charged separately.
Normal Results
With normal values, the pleural cavity contains less than 20 milliliters (four teaspoons) of serous (clear, yellowish) fluid.
What Abnormal Results Mean
With abnormal results, the analysis of the fluid will indicate possible causes of pleural effusion, such as infection, neoplasms, heart failure, and cirrhosis. If infection is suspected, a culture of the fluid is done to determine the presence of microorganisms.
Another condition under which the test may be performed is hemothorax, a collection of blood in the pleura.
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